Trastorno depresivo, trastorno de ansiedad y dolor crónico: múltiples manifestaciones de un núcleo fisiopatológico y clínico común / Depressive Disorder, Anxiety Disorder and Chronic Pain: Multiple Manifestations of a Common Clinical and Pathophysiological Core

RESUMEN Introducción: Una alta proporción de los trastornos depresivos se acompañan de manifestaciones ansiosas, así como la depresión y la ansiedad cursan frecuentemente con dolor. En otro sentido, las manifestaciones dolorosas causan o empeoran los síntomas depresivos y ansiosos. Cada vez hay más evidencia sobre la similitud fisiopatológica, imagenológica y neurofisiológica del dolor y la depresión. Métodos: Revisión narrativa de los aspectos fisiopatológicos y clínicos de la comorbilidad depresión y dolor crónico. Se incluyen los artículos de investigación que enfatizan los elementos relevantes relacionados con la comprensión de la fisiopatología de ambas manifestaciones. Resultados: Con los más recientes avances en técnicas bioquímicas y celulares y el advenimiento de tecnologías imagenológicas de avanzada, se ha podido considerar cada vez más claramente la aproximación etiopatogénica, fisiopatológica y clínica de estos trastornos. Se sistematiza esta información en imágenes y cuadros comprensivos. Conclusiones: El reconocimiento de que el polimorfismo de los genes relacionados con la inflamación genera susceptibilidad a las manifestaciones depresivas y puede modificar la respuesta a los tratamientos antidepresivos establece que la respuesta inflamatoria no solo es un componente etiopatogénico del dolor, sino del estrés y la depresión. De igual manera, la similitud en la aproximación con imágenes corrobora la analogía no solo estructural, sino también funcional y fisiopatológica, entre la depresión y el dolor crónico. El conocimiento de la comorbilidad depresión-ansiedad-dolor crónico es importante en la búsqueda de intervenciones terapéuticas eficaces.

ABSTRACT Introduction: A high proportion of depressive disorders are accompanied by anxious manifestations, just as depression and anxiety often present with many painful manifestations, or conversely, painful manifestations cause or worsen depressive and anxious expressions. There is increasingly more evidence of the pathophysiological, and neurophysiological and technical imaging similarity of pain and depression. Methods: Narrative review of the pathophysiological and clinical aspects of depression and chronic pain comorbidity. Research articles are included that emphasise the most relevant elements related to understanding the pathophysiology of both manifestations. Results: The pathological origin, physiology and clinical approach to these disorders have been more clearly established with the latest advances in biochemical and cellular techniques, as well as the advent of imaging technologies. This information is systematised with comprehensive images and clinical pictures. Conclusions: The recognition that the polymorphism of inflammation-related genes generates susceptibility to depressive manifestations and may modify the response to antidepressant treatments establishes that the inflammatory response is not only an aetiopathogenic component of pain, but also of stress and depression. Likewise, the similarity in approach with images corroborates not only the structural, but the functional and pathophysiological analogy between depression and chronic pain. Knowledge of depression-anxiety-chronic pain comorbidity is essential in the search for effective therapeutic interventions.

Depressive Disorder, Anxiety Disorder and Chronic Pain: Multiple Manifestations of a Common Clinical and Pathophysiological Core. / Trastorno depresivo, trastorno de ansiedad y dolor crónico: múltiples manifestaciones de un núcleo fisiopatológico y clínico común.

INTRODUCTION: A high proportion of depressive disorders are accompanied by anxious manifestations, just as depression and anxiety often present with many painful manifestations, or conversely, painful manifestations cause or worsen depressive and anxious expressions. There is increasingly more evidence of the pathophysiological, and neurophysiological and technical imaging similarity of pain and depression. METHODS: Narrative review of the pathophysiological and clinical aspects of depression and chronic pain comorbidity. Research articles are included that emphasise the most relevant elements related to understanding the pathophysiology of both manifestations. RESULTS: The pathological origin, physiology and clinical approach to these disorders have been more clearly established with the latest advances in biochemical and cellular techniques, as well as the advent of imaging technologies. This information is systematised with comprehensive images and clinical pictures. CONCLUSIONS: The recognition that the polymorphism of inflammation-related genes generates susceptibility to depressive manifestations and may modify the response to antidepressant treatments establishes that the inflammatory response is not only an aetiopathogenic component of pain, but also of stress and depression. Likewise, the similarity in approach with images corroborates not only the structural, but the functional and pathophysiological analogy between depression and chronic pain. Knowledge of depression-anxiety-chronic pain comorbidity is essential in the search for effective therapeutic interventions.

Effects of dobutamine on intestinal microvascular blood flow heterogeneity and O2 extraction during septic shock.

Derangements of microvascular blood flow distribution might contribute to disturbing O2 extraction by peripheral tissues. We evaluated the dynamic relationships between the mesenteric O2 extraction ratio ([Formula: see text]) and the heterogeneity of microvascular blood flow at the gut and sublingual mucosa during the development and resuscitation of septic shock in a swine model of fecal peritonitis. Jejunal-villi and sublingual microcirculation were evaluated using a portable intravital-microscopy technique. Simultaneously, we obtained arterial, mixed-venous, and mesenteric blood gases, and jejunal-tonometric measurements. During resuscitation, pigs were randomly allocated to a fixed dose of dobutamine (5 µg·kg-1·min-1) or placebo while three sham models with identical monitoring served as controls. At the time of shock, we observed a significant decreased proportion of perfused intestinal-villi (villi-PPV) and sublingual percentage of perfused small vessels (SL-PPV), paralleling an increase in [Formula: see text] in both dobutamine and placebo groups. After starting resuscitation, villi-PPV and SL-PPV significantly increased in the dobutamine group with subsequent improvement of functional capillary density, whereas [Formula: see text] exhibited a corresponding significant decrease (repeated-measures ANOVA, P = 0.02 and P = 0.04 for time × group interactions and intergroup differences for villi-PPV and [Formula: see text], respectively). Variations in villi-PPV were paralleled by variations in [Formula: see text] (R2 = 0.88, P < 0.001) and these, in turn, by mesenteric lactate changes (R2 = 0.86, P < 0.001). There were no significant differences in cardiac output and systemic O2 delivery throughout the experiment. In conclusion, dynamic changes in microvascular blood flow heterogeneity at jejunal mucosa are closely related to the mesenteric O2 extraction ratio, suggesting a crucial role for microvascular blood flow distribution on O2 uptake during development and resuscitation from septic shock.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our observations suggest that dynamic changes in the heterogeneity of microvascular blood flow at the gut mucosa are closely related to mesenteric O2 extraction, thus supporting the role of decreasing functional capillary density and increased intercapillary distances on alterations of O2 uptake during development and resuscitation from septic shock. Addition of a low-fixed dose of dobutamine might reverse such flow heterogeneity, improving microcirculatory flow distribution and tissue O2 consumption.

Cambios exofocales en la isquemia cerebral focal experimental: una visión experimental y su correlato clínico / Exofocal changes in experimental focal cerebral ischemia: an experimental approach and its clinical correlation

Introducción: El cerebro es un órgano extraordinariamente dinßmico, su fisiología es sorprendente especialmente por la respuesta concertada del tejido nervioso en su conjunto ante situaciones patológicas. Estas respuestas incluyen no solo aquellas desencadenadas por la estimulación de receptores o cambios en el metabolismo celular sino los complejos cambios genéticos y las modificaciones continuas de los fenotipos celulares y la conectividad que se reflejan en el conjunto del cerebro incluyendo los procesos de neurogénesis, neuritogénesis y en general de plasticidad neuronal. Los aspectos relacionados con la neuroplasticidad han sido planteados como el fundamento de la fisiopatología de la isquemia cerebral y los fenómenos exofocales relacionados. El progreso en el entendimiento de la fisiopatología de la lesión cerebral ha requerido de la implementación de modelos experimentales contrastables que permiten evaluar los fenómenos celulares inmediatos y a largo plazo, asociar los hallazgos a la clínica y plantear posibles intervenciones farmacológicas. Objetivo: Revisar los avances en los fenómenos de plasticidad después de lesión desde el punto de vista experimental haciendo énfasis en los sectores alejados del foco de injuria.Discusión y conclusiones: En el presente trabajo se exponen los avances recientes en el entendimiento de los fenómenos de neuroplasticidad desde la óptica de un modelo experimental, así como también se exponen los hallazgos preclínicos relacionados con los fenómenos exofocales isquémicos: las alteraciones en ßreas en las cuales la isquemia no es completa, las alteraciones en areas no isquémicas ocasionadas por señales químicas o eléctricas emanadas del foco isquémico, las alteraciones de los patrones de conectividad y los cambios adaptativos en estructuras cerebrales remotas al foco. Se finaliza con un recuento de los aspectos clínicos asociados con estos cambios y las estrategias experimentales y clínicas de intervención farmacológica.

Introduction: The brain is an extraordinarily dynamic structure specially its physiology in response to pathological events. This response include several mechanisms such as changes in cell metabolism, genes expression and possible modifications in cell phenotype and in connectivity that reflect activation of processes like neurogenesis, neuritogenesis and synaptogenesis. Several aspects related with neuroplasticity has been proposed as part of the pathophysiological bases to understand brain ischemia and its exofocal phenomena. Progress in understanding of the pathophysiology of brain lesion has required the use of experimental models to evaluate cellular events that occur immediately after the lesion or later, to associate this changes with clinical observations and to propose pharmacological neuroprotection therapies.Objective: The purpose of the present work is to compile the advances in understanding of plasticity after brain lesion, mainly related with exofocal areas to a core lesion. Discussion and conclusions: The present work shows recent advances in neuroplasticity based on experimental approaches, and preclinical findings related with the exofocal ischemic phenomena: changes in areas not completely ischemic, changes in no ischemic areas affected by chemical or electrical signals, changes in the pattern of connectivity and adaptative changes in remote areas to the ischemic core. Finally, we discuss clinical aspects associated with this changes, experimental strategies and clinical pharmacological interventions.

Down-regulation of Bcl-2 in rat substantia nigra after focal cerebral ischemia.

After occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in rats, a robust neuronal loss occurs in the ipsilateral substantia nigra reticulata. In this study we have assessed whether degeneration of the substantia nigra is accompanied by changes in the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. Neuronal loss was assessed by neuronal nuclei (NeuN) immunoreactivity. A significant decrease of Bcl-2 expression was observed in the substantia nigra 12, 24 and 72 h after middle cerebral artery occlusion. These results suggest that the secondary neuronal loss in the substantia nigra could be related with the modification of proteins regulating programmed cell death. Exo-focal cell death may explain the appearance of neuropsychiatric symptoms that are not correlated with the primary site of lesion.